What is the essential 8?

The Essential 8 is a set of strategies developed by the Australian Government's Department of Home Affairs as a framework for enhancing cybersecurity defenses. These strategies outline a prioritized approach to mitigating the most common cyber threats faced by organizations. While the Essential 8 is not mandatory for all entities, it is highly recommended for non-corporate Commonwealth entities and federal government agencies. The strategies cover areas such as user application security, application control, multi-factor authentication, and patch management. By implementing the Essential 8, organizations can improve their resilience against cyber incidents and safeguard their information and systems. While additional requirements and controls may be necessary depending on the specific context, the Essential 8 provides a solid foundation for managing cyber risks. It is designed to be flexible, allowing organizations to adapt the strategies to their specific needs and maturity levels. Overall, the Essential 8 serves as a valuable reference for organizations in the Australian government and beyond, helping them tackle cyber threats and ensure the protection of critical data and services.

Is it mandatory for commonwealth entities?

The Essential 8 mitigation strategies have become crucial for commonwealth entities operating in Australia's cyber landscape. These strategies were released by the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) as a comprehensive framework to enhance the cyber security posture and resilience of such entities.

While the Essential 8 is not mandatory for all organizations, it is strongly recommended for commonwealth entities to adopt and implement these strategies. The ASD has provided extensive guidance on how to implement these strategies effectively, aiming to mitigate cyber security incidents and protect government information and systems.

The Essential 8 builds upon the previous Top Four strategies, which focused on mitigating cyber security incidents caused by external adversaries. By expanding the scope to include strategies such as application control, patching applications, and restricting administrative privileges, the Essential 8 addresses a broader range of cyber security risks and vulnerabilities.

While it is not mandatory to adopt the Essential 8, commonwealth entities are encouraged to assess their maturity levels against these strategies and implement them to the extent practicable. This move reflects the increasing cyber security requirements and expectations for government entities, as well as the need to stay ahead of evolving cyber threats. By implementing the Essential 8, commonwealth entities can better protect their critical assets, enhance their resilience to cyber incidents, and contribute to the overall cyber security of the Australian government.

Mitigation strategies

Mitigation strategies are essential in today's digital landscape to counteract the increasing threats posed by cyber security incidents. These strategies aim to minimize the potential risks and vulnerabilities that organizations, especially government entities, face in their information and systems. Mitigation strategies go beyond just implementing basic security measures and provide a comprehensive framework for protecting sensitive data and networks. By following proven practices such as multi-factor authentication, application control, and regular patching, organizations can significantly reduce their attack surface and protect against potential cyber incidents. These strategies are not only crucial for safeguarding critical information but also for maintaining the trust and confidence of stakeholders. Mitigation strategies ensure that organizations are proactive in addressing cyber security risks and can effectively respond to and recover from any potential threats. By adopting these strategies, organizations can enhance their overall cyber security posture and protect against the evolving threat landscape.

Cyber security incident response plans

Cyber security incident response plans are essential in mitigating cyber security risks and ensuring the effective management of incidents that may compromise an organization's data or systems. These plans provide a structured approach to detecting, responding to, and recovering from cyber security incidents.

A well-designed cyber security incident response plan should include key elements to ensure an organization's preparedness and timely response to incidents. Incident detection and reporting processes are crucial in identifying and validating potential threats or breaches. Response coordination establishes roles and responsibilities within the incident response team, ensuring quick and effective decision-making. Escalation procedures enable the escalation of incidents to higher levels of management as required.

Containment and eradication measures are vital in limiting the impact of an incident and preventing further damage. Post-incident analysis and documentation allow for the identification of lessons learned and the improvement of future incident response capabilities.

To develop and implement effective cyber security incident response plans, best practices include regular testing and updating of the plan to align with evolving cyber threats. Collaboration with relevant stakeholders, such as IT teams, legal departments, and external service providers, is crucial for a holistic and coordinated response. Training and awareness programs that educate employees about their roles and responsibilities in incident response are also essential.

Multi factor authentication

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a critical security control that plays a significant role in preventing data breaches and defending against brute force attacks. By requiring users to provide multiple forms of identification, MFA adds an extra layer of protection to ensure only authorized individuals can access sensitive information or systems.

One of the key benefits of implementing MFA is that it significantly reduces the risk of unauthorized access. Even if a hacker manages to acquire or guess a user's password, they would still be unable to gain access without the additional factors required by MFA.

There are different methodologies available for implementing MFA. U2F security keys, for example, are physical devices that plug into a USB port and provide a secure and convenient way for users to authenticate. Physical one-time PIN (OTP) tokens generate a unique password that is valid for a limited time, adding an extra layer of security. Biometrics, such as fingerprint or facial recognition, use unique biological traits to verify a user's identity. Smartcards, which contain an embedded chip, provide secure authentication through cryptographic processes. Mobile apps can also be used to generate OTPs or act as a second-factor authentication tool.

By implementing multi-factor authentication, organizations can significantly enhance their security posture and protect sensitive information from unauthorized access attempts. It is an essential control in the fight against data breaches and brute force attacks.

User application control & monitoring

User application control and monitoring play a crucial role in protecting against ransomware and malware attacks. By implementing effective user application control measures, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of malicious software infiltrating their systems.

One essential component of user application control is the implementation of a whitelisting solution across all workstations, endpoints, and servers. This approach involves creating a list of approved applications that are authorized to run, while blocking any unauthorized or potentially malicious software. By limiting the execution of unauthorized applications, organizations can prevent the installation and execution of ransomware and malware.

Additionally, regular monitoring and auditing are crucial to ensure the effectiveness of user application control measures. It is essential to review the whitelist regularly to add new trusted applications and remove outdated ones. Organizations should also implement Microsoft's latest block rules to include known malicious applications and prevent their execution.

Regular audits help detect any deviations from the established application control policies and identify potential threats. By monitoring and reviewing application control logs, organizations can proactively identify and respond to any suspicious activities related to user applications.

Privileged accounts management

Privileged accounts management is a critical aspect of cybersecurity that focuses on controlling and monitoring the access and usage of administrative privileges within an organization's IT infrastructure. These accounts, often held by system administrators or IT personnel, have extensive control and can modify or access sensitive data, making them attractive targets for cybercriminals.

Implementing a least privilege model is crucial in privileged accounts management. This approach ensures that users have only the minimum level of access necessary to perform their tasks effectively. By restricting administrative privileges to only those who require them, organizations reduce the risk of system compromise through unauthorized actions or misuse of privileges.

The Privileged Access Management (PAM) framework provides a comprehensive approach to managing and securing privileged accounts. It comprises four pillars: credential management, session isolation, privileged session monitoring, and threat analytics. Credential management involves securely storing and managing privileged account credentials, ensuring their availability only to authorized personnel. Session isolation involves restricting privileged access to designated systems and isolating these sessions from other user activities. Privileged session monitoring enables real-time monitoring of privileged sessions to detect any suspicious or unauthorized activities. Threat analytics involve analyzing logs and session data to identify potential security incidents and proactively mitigate them.

A thorough audit of privileged accounts is indispensable. Regularly reviewing and monitoring privileged account activities, configurations, and access permissions helps identify any anomalies, unusual behaviors, or potential security breaches. This audit ensures that organizations maintain control and accountability over their privileged accounts, mitigating risks associated with unauthorized access or misuse.

By implementing privileged accounts management, restricting administrative privileges, and adhering to a least privilege model, organizations can significantly enhance their cybersecurity posture and protect critical assets from breaches and unauthorized access. Conducting regular audits of privileged accounts further strengthens this defense and ensures ongoing compliance and accountability.

Attack surface reduction rules

Attack surface reduction rules are an essential component of an effective cybersecurity strategy. They are a set of mitigation strategies aimed at reducing the potential attack surface of an organization's systems and applications. In simple terms, the attack surface refers to all the possible points of entry that can be exploited by malicious actors to gain unauthorized access or launch cyber-attacks.

By implementing attack surface reduction rules, organizations can significantly minimize their vulnerability to cyber threats. These rules focus on various aspects of security controls, including user applications, browser and macro security settings, and network-based vulnerability scanning.

One of the key components of attack surface reduction rules is application control. This involves ensuring that only trusted and authorized applications are allowed to run on system devices. By preventing the execution of potentially malicious or unapproved applications, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of security breaches.

Another critical aspect is the use of multi-factor authentication (MFA). MFA adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide additional credentials, such as a fingerprint, smart card, or one-time password, in addition to their regular username and password. This helps to protect against unauthorized access, even if an attacker manages to acquire or guess the user's password.

Attack surface reduction rules also emphasize the importance of keeping software and systems up to date with the latest security patches and updates. Regular patch management ensures that any known vulnerabilities or weaknesses are addressed promptly, reducing the risk of exploitation by cybercriminals.

Additionally, organizations should closely monitor and manage privileged accounts. Privileged accounts provide extensive access and control over critical systems and information. Implementing strict controls, such as limiting the number of privileged accounts and regularly reviewing their activities, helps mitigate the risks associated with unauthorized access to these powerful accounts.

To effectively implement attack surface reduction rules, organizations should conduct regular vulnerability scans and penetration testing to identify potential weaknesses in their systems. These tests help identify vulnerabilities that could be exploited by cyber attackers and enable organizations to remediate them before they can be exploited.

In conclusion, attack surface reduction rules play a vital role in enhancing an organization's cybersecurity posture. By implementing these mitigation strategies, organizations can significantly reduce their exposure to cyber threats and protect their sensitive information from unauthorized access or compromise. It is crucial for organizations to understand and implement these rules as part of their broader cybersecurity framework to stay ahead in the ever-evolving threat landscape.

Application whitelisting/blacklisting

Application whitelisting and blacklisting are important components of an organization's cybersecurity strategy. These practices involve controlling which applications are allowed to run on system devices, either by explicitly permitting trusted applications (whitelisting) or blocking specific applications (blacklisting). By implementing application whitelisting and blacklisting, organizations can enhance their defense against malware, unauthorized software, and other potential security threats.

Whitelisting is a proactive approach that focuses on permitting only approved and trusted applications to run on system devices. This means that any application not on the whitelist will be automatically blocked from executing. In contrast, blacklisting is a reactive approach that involves creating a list of applications that are known to be potentially malicious or unauthorized, and blocking them from running on system devices.

By leveraging application whitelisting, organizations can effectively reduce the attack surface of their systems. By ensuring that only authorized applications are allowed to run, the risk of malware infections and other security breaches is significantly minimized. Additionally, application whitelisting provides organizations with greater control over the software environment, ensuring that all applications are legitimate and approved.

On the other hand, application blacklisting is valuable for combating known threats. By maintaining a list of known malicious or unauthorized applications and blocking them from executing, organizations can quickly prevent potential security incidents. Blacklisting can be particularly useful in situations where it is not feasible to maintain an extensive whitelist due to the large number of applications in use.

It is important for organizations to regularly update and review their application whitelists and blacklists. New applications may need to be added to the whitelist based on business requirements, while outdated or obsolete applications should be removed to prevent unnecessary vulnerabilities. Additionally, the blacklisting approach should be updated with new threats as they emerge in the cybersecurity landscape.

Both application whitelisting and blacklisting have their strengths and weaknesses. Whitelisting provides a higher level of control and security, as only approved applications are allowed to run. However, it requires ongoing management and can be challenging to implement in dynamic environments where new applications are constantly being introduced. Blacklisting, on the other hand, is more reactive and can help address known threats quickly. However, it may not be as effective against zero-day attacks or new and emerging malware.

Backup processes and child processes management

Backup processes and child processes are two crucial aspects of maintaining a secure and functional system. In the realm of cybersecurity, it is crucial for organizations to not only implement robust backup processes but also effectively manage the child processes running on their system.

Backup processes involve creating and storing copies of important data and files to ensure their availability in case of a cyber incident or system failure. These backups serve as a safety net, allowing organizations to restore their systems and resume normal operations in a timely manner. By regularly backing up their data, organizations can mitigate the risk of data loss and minimize the impact of potential cyber attacks.

However, it is not enough to simply create backups; organizations must also ensure the integrity and accessibility of these backups. This involves implementing appropriate security measures, such as encryption and access controls, to protect the backup data from unauthorized access or tampering. Additionally, backups should be stored in off-site locations or on separate secure servers to protect against physical damage or theft.

Child processes, on the other hand, refer to the subprocesses and subroutines that are created and executed by a parent process. Managing these child processes is crucial for maintaining system stability and security. Organizations must have clear policies and procedures in place to monitor and control the execution of child processes.

Effective management of child processes involves regularly monitoring the system for any unusual or unauthorized activities. This can be achieved through the use of monitoring tools or software that can detect anomalies in the behavior of child processes. Additionally, organizations should implement access controls and restrictions to prevent malicious actors from executing unauthorized child processes.

It is also important to regularly review and update the list of authorized child processes. This involves identifying and removing any unnecessary or unused child processes to reduce the attack surface and minimize the risk of potential exploitation. By keeping the list of authorized child processes up to date, organizations can ensure that only trusted and legitimate processes are allowed to run on their system.

System hardening and macro settings

System hardening refers to the process of strengthening the security defenses of a computer system to protect it against potential cyber risks and attacks. One important aspect of system hardening is configuring and managing macro settings.

Macro settings are a feature in many applications, such as Microsoft Office, that allow users to automate repetitive tasks and increase their productivity. However, these macros can also pose a significant security risk if not properly configured and managed.

One of the key steps in system hardening is to analyze and assess the macro settings in the organization's applications. This involves determining the level of access and privileges granted to macros and ensuring that they are set to the appropriate security levels. For example, organizations may choose to disable all macros by default or only allow digitally signed macros to run.

By configuring macro settings to restrict or prevent the execution of malicious macros, organizations can significantly reduce the potential risks associated with this feature. This can help prevent the spread of malware, unauthorized access to sensitive data, and other cyber threats.

Regularly updating and patching applications is another essential component of system hardening. Software vendors often release updates and patches to address security vulnerabilities and improve the overall security of their applications. By promptly applying these updates, organizations can ensure that their macro settings are up to date and protected against known vulnerabilities.

In addition to macro settings, system hardening also involves implementing other security controls and measures. This may include applying strong password policies, enabling multi-factor authentication for user accounts, implementing application control to restrict the execution of unauthorized software, and regularly scanning the system for vulnerabilities.

Government requirements for commonwealth Entities

Commonwealth entities, which include non-corporate entities and agencies of the Australian government, have a unique responsibility in ensuring the security of their information systems and protecting sensitive data. With an increasing number of cyber threats targeting government entities, it is essential for these organizations to meet specific requirements set by the federal government.

The Australian government has established a set of mandatory cyber security controls known as the Essential Eight. These controls are designed to mitigate the most significant cyber threats and provide a baseline level of protection for commonwealth entities. The Essential Eight covers a range of security measures, including patching systems, application whitelisting, disabling macros, and implementing multi-factor authentication.

Patching systems regularly is a crucial step in ensuring the security of information systems. By promptly applying updates and patches released by software vendors, commonwealth entities can address vulnerabilities and protect against known exploits. Patch management processes should include regular vulnerability scanning and timely deployment of updates to minimize the risk of cyber incidents.

Another key requirement is the implementation of application whitelisting. This security control restricts the execution of unauthorized software and prevents malicious code from running on systems. By only allowing trusted applications to run, commonwealth entities can significantly reduce the attack surface and minimize the potential for cyber threats.

Disabling macros is also an integral part of the Essential Eight. As discussed earlier, macros pose a substantial security risk if not properly configured. By disabling macros by default or only allowing digitally signed macros to run, commonwealth entities can mitigate the potential risks associated with this feature and prevent the spread of malware.

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is another critical requirement for government entities. MFA adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide two or more forms of identification before accessing sensitive systems or data. This control significantly reduces the risk of unauthorized access, even if a user's password is compromised.

In addition to the Essential Eight, commonwealth entities must also adhere to other government requirements related to cyber security. This may include conducting regular vulnerability scans to identify weaknesses in information systems, enforcing strong password policies, and implementing security controls based on the level of risk.

Meeting these requirements is essential for commonwealth entities as they play a vital role in national security and protect sensitive government information. By implementing the Essential Eight controls and adhering to other government requirements, these organizations can strengthen their cyber security posture and effectively mitigate potential risks. The government's focus on cyber security highlights the importance of safeguarding information systems and data in an increasingly digital world.

Australian government cyber security strategy 2020-2024

The Australian government recognizes the critical importance of cybersecurity in today's digital landscape. With the ever-increasing cyber threats targeting government entities and the potential impact on national security and critical infrastructure, it is imperative to have a robust and comprehensive cyber security strategy in place.

In response to this pressing need, the Australian government has rolled out its Cyber Security Strategy 2020-2024. This strategy is designed to combat emerging cyber threats, bolster the nation's cyber resilience, and safeguard the Australian public, businesses, and organizations from the disruptive and damaging effects of cyber attacks.

The Cyber Security Strategy 2020-2024 outlines key focus areas and priorities to fortify the nation's cyber defenses. One of the primary objectives is to enhance cyber security across all levels of government, including federal, state, and local entities. This involves promoting a culture of cyber security awareness, implementing robust security controls and practices, and fostering collaboration and information sharing among government agencies.

The strategy also emphasizes the importance of protecting critical infrastructure, both in the public and private sectors. With the increasing digitization of essential services such as energy, water, telecommunications, and transportation, securing the systems and networks that underpin these sectors is paramount. The government aims to work closely with industry stakeholders to develop and enforce stringent cyber security standards and guidelines to safeguard critical infrastructure from cyber attacks.

Another critical aspect of the Cyber Security Strategy is to enhance collaboration and partnerships with international counterparts. As cyber threats extend beyond national borders, it is crucial for Australia to collaborate with other governments, international organizations, and industry partners to share intelligence, best practices, and threat information. By fostering these relationships, Australia can strengthen its cyber defenses and mitigate cyber threats on a global scale.

The strategy also places a significant emphasis on building a skilled and resilient cyber security workforce. With the evolving nature of cyber threats, it is crucial to have a well-trained and knowledgeable workforce that can detect, respond to, and mitigate cyber attacks effectively. The government aims to invest in cyber education and training programs, enhance capabilities in threat intelligence and response, and promote cyber security careers to attract and retain top talent in the field.

Federal government cyber security requirements (CSR)

The Federal government has always recognized the critical need for robust cyber security measures to protect its information systems and networks. With the increasing sophistication and frequency of cyber attacks, it has become imperative for the government to establish stringent cyber security requirements (CSR) to mitigate risks and safeguard sensitive data.

The CSR framework provides a set of mandatory guidelines and controls that all federal government entities must adhere to. These requirements are designed to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of government systems and the information they contain. By implementing these measures, the government aims to create a secure cyber environment that can withstand potential cyber threats.

One of the key components of the CSR is the implementation of multi-factor authentication (MFA). This involves using two or more verification methods, such as a password and biometric scan, to verify the identity of users accessing government systems. MFA significantly enhances security by adding an extra layer of protection against unauthorized access.

Another crucial requirement is the implementation of application control measures. This includes restricting the installation and execution of unauthorized software on government systems, and regularly updating and patching software to address vulnerabilities. Application control helps prevent the execution of malicious code and protects against the exploitation of software vulnerabilities.

The CSR also emphasizes the importance of controlling privileged accounts. Privileged accounts have elevated access rights and present a significant security risk if compromised. Government entities are required to regularly review and update privileged account access, implement strong password policies, and monitor privileged account activities to detect any suspicious or unauthorized changes.

In addition to these specific requirements, the CSR covers a wide range of areas, including network security, incident response planning, staff awareness training, and vulnerability management. The aim is to provide a comprehensive and holistic approach to cyber security that addresses the diverse and evolving cyber threats faced by federal government entities.

Compliance with the CSR is mandatory for all federal government entities, and non-compliance can result in serious consequences, including financial penalties and reputational damage. By enforcing these requirements, the government aims to create a unified and robust cyber security posture across all federal agencies, ensuring the protection of sensitive information and the resilience of government systems.

Non corporate commonwealth entities (NCCEs) additional requirements

Non-corporate commonwealth entities (NCCEs) play a critical role in the functioning of the Australian government. As entities that are not corporations, they are subject to specific additional requirements outlined in the Cyber Security Risk Mitigation Strategies (CSR).

One of the key additional requirements for NCCEs is the implementation of multi-factor authentication (MFA). This is a crucial security measure that adds an extra layer of protection to prevent unauthorized access to government systems. NCCEs must ensure that all users accessing their systems are verified through at least two separate factors, such as a password and a biometric scan.

Another important requirement for NCCEs is the implementation of application control measures. NCCEs must strictly control the installation and execution of software on their systems and regularly update and patch their applications to address any vulnerabilities. By doing so, NCCEs can minimize the potential for unauthorized software to compromise the security of their systems and prevent the exploitation of software vulnerabilities.

NCCEs are also required to have robust privileged account management practices. Privileged accounts, which have elevated access rights, are a prime target for attackers. NCCEs must regularly review and update privileged account access, implement strong password policies, and closely monitor privileged account activities to detect any suspicious or unauthorized changes. By controlling privileged accounts, NCCEs can significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized access and mitigate potential threats.

Additionally, NCCEs must prioritize incident response planning. The CSR mandates that NCCEs develop and regularly update incident response plans to effectively handle and mitigate cyber security incidents. These plans must include clear procedures for reporting and responding to incidents, as well as provisions for communication, documentation, and recovery. By having robust and well-tested incident response plans in place, NCCEs can minimize the impact of cyber security incidents and quickly return to normal operations.

Compliance with these additional requirements outlined by the CSR is mandatory for NCCEs. Non-compliance can have severe consequences, including financial penalties and reputational dama